Capturing a true picture of wolves in Yellowstone: Reevaluating aspen recovery
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It’s an environmental success story that feels like a parable—the reintroduction of wolves in Yellowstone National Park in the mid-1990s triggered a cascade of effects that ultimately restored the ecosystem, including the recovery of aspen trees. But like many stories based on ecological realities, it’s more complex than at first glance—aspen recovery in the park is not as robust as generally believed, according to new research.
The Yellowstone story is a textbook example of a trophic cascade, in which predators help plants grow by eating or scaring away herbivores that eat the plants. When wolves were reintroduced into the Yellowstone food chain, they helped to reduce numbers of elk, which had been consuming young aspen trees. Previous research showed strong positive growth in young aspen as the elk populations decreased—a welcome result, as aspen forests have been vanishing from the northern Yellowstone landscape for the last century.
But new research from Elaine Brice and Dan MacNulty, from Utah State University’s Department of Wildland Resources and Ecology Center, and Eric Larsen, from the University of Wisconsin Stevens Point’s Department of Geography and Geology, shows that the effect of wolves on the recovery of aspen has been exaggerated by how it was measured.
Previous studies evaluated aspen recovery in Yellowstone by measuring the five tallest young aspen within a stand. The reasoning was that the tallest young aspen trees represent a ‘leading edge’ indicator of the future recovery of the entire aspen population. But this is not the case—sampling only the tallest young aspen estimated a rate of recovery that was significantly faster than was estimated by random sampling of all young aspen within the stand, according to the research.
“These are extremely complex systems, and understanding them is a major challenge because they are difficult to properly sample,” said Brice. “The traditional method of sampling by only using the tallest young aspen plants to measure growth—which most research currently relies on—doesn’t capture the entire picture.”
For one, elk are picky about the aspen they consume. They tend to eat plants at shoulder height for which they don’t have to crane their necks. As the leader stem (main trunk) of a young aspen grows past the shoulder height of adult elk, it is decreasingly likely to be eaten as it grows taller, said MacNulty. “This means that the tallest young aspen grow faster because they are taller, not because wolves reduce elk browsing,” said MacNulty. This finding highlights the complicating fact that height of young aspen is both a cause and an effect of reduced elk browsing.
Taller aspen also thrive because they tend to have the best growing conditions (sunlight, moisture, soil quality). Measuring just the tallest young trees downplays the role of these other factors that have nothing to do with elk or wolf populations. And measuring just the tallest aspen also overlooks the failure of some young aspen to regenerate in the first place.
“That’s like calculating a team’s batting average without the player who always strikes out,” said Brice. Random sampling from the research showed an absence of aspen regeneration in some places, a vital piece missing from the initial measurements.
Understanding how ecosystems respond to changes in large predator populations is vital to resolving broader debates about the structure of food webs, determining species abundance and delivering ecosystem services, said the authors. This study demonstrates how deviations from basic sampling principles can distort this understanding. Non-random sampling overestimated the strength of a trophic cascade in this case, but it may underestimate cascading effects in other situations. Randomization is one of the few protections against unreliable inferences and the misguided management decisions they may inspire, they said.
“The bottom line is that ecologists must stick to classic principles of sampling design, like randomization, to fully understand trophic cascades in complex wildlife systems like Yellowstone,” said MacNulty.
Elaine M. Brice et al, Sampling bias exaggerates a textbook example of a trophic cascade, Ecology Letters (2021). DOI: 10.1111/ele.13915
Citation:
Capturing a true picture of wolves in Yellowstone: Reevaluating aspen recovery (2021, November 12)
retrieved 14 November 2021
from https://phys.org/news/2021-11-capturing-true-picture-wolves-yellowstone.html
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ما در این مقاله میخواهیم در ارتباط با اهمیت استعدادیابی کودکان صحبت کنیم و بگوییم که چرا استعدادیابی کودکان مهم است؟
یکی از بزرگترین دغدغه های هر پدر و مادری در طول زندگی نگرانی از آینده فرزندان و مسیری است که کودک در زندگی طی می
کند. بدون شک موفقیت در زندگی حاصل
مجموعه ای از عوامل درهم پیچیده
است که تفکیک آنها به راحتی امکان پذیر
نیست. اما اگر به زندگی افراد موفق نگاهی بیندازیم در می یابیم همه
آنها یک نقطه مشترک دارند و آن پیش رفتن در مسیری است که
در آن استعداد و علاقه دارند.
برای کلاس … نیاز به راهنمایی دارید؟ اطلاعات خود را از طریق دکمه نارنجی رنگ پایین صفحه ثبت کنید.
با شما تماس میگیریم.
مردم غالبا برای رسیدن به موفقیت
و رضایتمندی راه های مختلفی
را امتحان کرده و با آزمون و خطای
فراوان سعی در کشف مسیر زندگی خود دارند.
اما وظیفه والدین به عنوان نزدیک ترین
افراد به کودک در این زمینه چیست؟در این مقاله سعی کرده ایم به این پرسش پاسخ دهیم.
اگر جزو افرادی هستید که از رشته تحصیلی، شغل و به طور کلی مسیر زندگیتان راضی
هستید به شما تبریک می گوییم.
اما درصد کمی از افراد در رشته دانشگاهی و شغلی مشغول می
شوند که در آن استعداد و به آن علاقه دارند.
بخشی از این امر ناشی از مشکلات فرهنگی ،
اجتماعی و اقتصادی جامعه
است اما بخشی نیز از عدم وجود خودشناسی و راهنمای خوب
نشات می گیرد.
واقعیت این است که افراد کمی این شانس را دارند که از سالهای اولیه
کودکی و بدون از این شاخه به آن شاخه پریدن و صرف وقت و هزینه بسیار
در مسیر درست زندگی خود قرار بگیرند.
در اغلب موارد والدین خواسته یا ناخواسته کودک را در مسیری پیش میبرند که خواسته و آرزوهای
خود را کامیاب کنند. در این مطلب قصد داریم
تنها تلنگر کوچکی برای والدین آگاه باشیم تا
از خود بپرسند نقش من در یافتن مسیر آینده فرزندم چیست
و چگونه می توانم فرزند شاد، موفق و
رضایتمندی داشته باشم؟
چرا استعدادیابی کودکان مهم است؟
تعاریف استعداد، علاقه، هوش
و خلاقیت
قبل از هر چیز بهتر است بدانید استعداد،
علاقه، هوش و خلاقیت مفاهیمی متفاوت هستند و آشنایی با این مفاهیم
باعث می شود شما مسیر درست تری را در انتخاب های زندگی پیش بگیرید.
البته تعاریف مختلفی برای هرکدام از این موارد وجود دارد اما برای آشنایی اولیه بیایید تعریفی کوتاه از هر
کدام از آنها داشته باشیم:
این مطلب را هم از دست ندهید:
از کجا بدانید فرزندتان استعداد نقاشی دارد؟
بهترین سن برای استعدادیابی چه زمانی است؟
استعداد موسیقی در کودکان
چگونه استعداد خود را کشف کنیم؟
تست هالند؛ استعدادیابی و هدایت شغلی
استعداد: یعنی یادگیری یک مهارت با
صرف انرژی و زمان کمتر. به عبارت دیگر اگر شما مثلا نقاشی را در 3 جلسه یاد
میگیرید در حالیکه متوسط افراد در 7 جلسه آن را یاد می گیرند
می توان گفت شما استعداد نقاشی
دارید.
علاقه: علایق غالبا ترجیحات افراد
هستند. این امور غالبا شامل مواردی است که
پرداختن به آن شما را به وجد می آورد اما لزوما
در آن توانایی ندارید. مثلا ممکن است شما به موسیقی
علاقه داشته باشید اما نتوانید یک موزیسین فوق
العاده شوید.
هوش: هوش توانایی کلی وجامع فرد است برای
اینکه به طور هدفمند عمل کند،
به طورمنطقی بیندیشد و به طور موثر با محیطش به مبادله بپردازد.
خلاقیت: به کار گرفتن توانایی های ذهنی برای خلق یک فکر،
ایده و یا اثر جدید را خلاقیت می گویند.
حالا که با هر یک ازین موارد آشنا شدید بهتر در
می یابید که همه موارد فوق در رسیدن به موفقیت ما نقش دارند.
در واقع برای حصول به بهترین
نتیجه هر یک از این موارد باید در حالت بهینه برای یک فرد قرار بگیرند.
خیلی از ما اشخاصی در زندگی می شناسیم که هوش زیادی دارند.
اما شغل و جایگاه اجتماعی مناسبی ندارند.
حتی این هوش را در مسیر نادرست به کار می گیرند.
و یا فرد در مسیری پیش می رود که به
آن علاقه داشته اما در آن استعداد
کافی ندارد. بنابراین با کندی بسیار مسیر را
طی کرده. تازه بعد از همه اینها به فردی متوسط و نه عالی در آن زمینه تبدیل خواهد شد.
اینها تنها مثال هایی برای درک
اهمیت همراهی همه این عوامل
است.
چرا استعدادیابی کودکان مهم است؟
جلوگیری از اتلاف وقت
استعدادیابی باعث میشود افراد وقت
خود را در زندگی تلف نکنند و از همان
ابتدا سراغ کاری بروند که در آن بهتر هستند.
عدم شناخت صحیح استعدادها و علایق باعث می شود کودک در زندگی مسیرهایی پیش بگیرد که در آن
راضی و خوشحال نیست. این امر
در همه انتخاب های مهم زندگی
از جمله انتخاب رشته دبیرستان و دانشگاه
و انتخاب شغل نمود زیادی دارد.
جلوگیری از اتلاف انرژی
وقتی کودک در کاری استعداد دارید آن را با صرف انرژی کمتری انجام
می دهد. مثلا اگر در موسیقی استعداد دارد آن را بسیار سریعتر از متوسط
افراد یاد میگیرد. این امر
هم باعث افزایش انگیزه کودک می شود و هم موجب می شود او برای امور دیگر زندگی انرژی بیشتری داشته
باشد.
جلوگیری از اتلاف سرمایه
وقتی شما استعداد کودک خود را نمی شناسید ممکن است زمان و
پول زیادی صرف کلاس های مختلف برای یادگیری مهارت هایی کنید که
کودک در آن احساس خوبی ندارد. شناخت استعدادها موجب می شود کودک تنها مهارت هایی
را یاد بگیرید که موجب موفقیتش می شود.
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